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criticism of islam
Criticism of Islam has existed since its formative stages. Early written criticism came from Christians, prior to the ninth century, many of whom viewed Islam as a radical Christian heresy.〔De Haeresibus by John of Damascus. See Migne. ''Patrologia Graeca'', vol. 94, 1864, cols 763-73. An English translation by the Reverend John W Voorhis appeared in THE MOSLEM WORLD for October 1954, pp. 392-398.〕 Hindus and Zoroastrians made notable criticism as well. Later the Muslim world itself offered criticism.〔Ibn Kammuna, ''Examination of the Three Faiths'', trans. Moshe Perlmann (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1971), pp. 148–49〕〔 Criticism of Islam in the West was renewed after the September 11 attacks and other terrorist attacks in the 21st century.
Objects of criticism include the morality of the life of Muhammad, the last prophet according to Islam, both in his public and personal life.〔〔Ibn Warraq, The Quest for Historical Muhammad (Amherst, Mass.:Prometheus, 2000), 103.〕 Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the Quran, the Islamic holy book, are also discussed by critics.〔(Bible in Mohammedian Literature. ), by Kaufmann Kohler Duncan B. McDonald, ''Jewish Encyclopedia''. Retrieved April 22, 2006.〕 Figures in Africa and India have described what they perceive as destruction of indigenous cultures by Islam. Other criticism focuses on the question of human rights in the Islamic world historically and in modern Islamic nations, including the treatment of women, LGBT people and religious and ethnic minorities in Islamic law and practice.〔http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2005&country=6825. See also 〕 In the wake of the recent multiculturalism trend, Islam's influence on the ability or willingness of Muslim immigrants to assimilate in the Western world, and other countries such as India〔"Indian Nepalis: Issues and Perspectives", pp. 355-356, Tanka Bahadur Subba, Concept Publishing Company, 2009, 9788180694462〕 and Russia,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tatarstan: The Battle over Islam in Russia's Heartland )〕〔 by Roland Dannreuther, Luke March〕 has been criticized.
== History ==
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